RI² (Research Integrity Risk Index) it is the world’s first empirically grounded, composite metric designed to identify and profile institutional-level risks to research integrity. Developed by Professor Lokman Meho (لقمان مِحّو) at the American University of Beirut.

RI² evaluates institutions based on two independent, verifiable indicators:

1) R Rate, the number of retracted articles per 1,000 publications, capturing evidence of serious methodological, ethical, or authorship violations; and

2) D Rate, the percentage of an institution’s publications appearing in journals that were recently removed from Scopus or Web of Science for failing to meet quality or publishing standards.

As of July 14, 2025, only one Ukrainian university has an orange (but not red) flag. However RI² is diagnostic in nature, not punitive. A "red flag" or "high-risk" designation is not an accusation of misconduct, but rather a signal to reflect, investigate, and strengthen institutional safeguards.

Source https://sites.aub.edu.lb/lmeho/ri2/

Another high-profile case has interested scientists. Read now